STUDY GUIDE 5

Chapters 11 – 13 in Biological Science 2^nd ed. by Scott Freeman

#	OBJECTIVES	*NOTES*
1.	Compare the two types of nuclear division, karyokinesis, called mitosis and meiosis that occur in many species. 228
2.	Identify the phases in the cell cycle. Consider Interphase (G_1, S, G₂₎, Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase), and Cytokinesis.
3.	Show how bacteria divide by binary fission. 232
4.	What is mitosis? Describe and diagram the main events that occur during mitosis. What are the final results of this process? p.233-235
5.	Compare cytokinesis in animals and plants. Consider both cell plate and cleavage furrow formation. p.235 – 236
6.	Draw and describe the spindle apparatus including polar fibers, kinetochore fibers, asters, and centrioles. p215
7.	Count chromosomes in a cell and diagram a duplicated chromosome. Label the sister chromatids, centromere, and kinetochore.
#	OBJECTIVES	*NOTES*
8.	How is the cell cycle controlled? 239 – 240
9.	What are cell-cycle checkpoints and how do they work? 240 – 241
10.	How does cancer affect the cell cycle? What are properties of cancer cells? 241-242
11.	What is a karyotype?251
12.	What is meiosis? Describe and diagram the major events. What are the final results of this process? p254-255
13.	Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. 256-257
14.	What factors result in genetic variability? 259-240
15.	Explain the changing-environment hypothesis. 261-262
#	OBJECTIVES	*NOTES*
16.	Review several life cycles of plants and animals. Indicate where meiosis and fertilization occur. Label the beginning and end of the haploid and diploid generations.p.263
17.	How is gamete formation different in males and females? Consider spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Diagram each process.
18.	Diagram the human life cycle p.229 Indicate egg, sperm, zygote, embryo, fetus, adult, fertilization, mitosis, meiosis, haploid (n) and diploid (2n).
19.	Make a sketch to show how nondisjunction occurs. Describe several examples of abnormalities resulting from nondisjunction such as Down’s Syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome.264-265
20.	Why do mistakes occur in meiosis? 265
21.	Describe the early experiments of Gregor Mendel. Interpret and apply Mendel's Laws. 269-279
22.	Know the terms: character, trait, punnett square, gene locus, allele(s), monohybrid and dihybrid cross, test cross, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive, codominant, autosome, sex chromosome, pleiotropy, epistasis, multiple alleles.
23.	Distinguish between sex chromosomes and autosomes. Indicate if a gene is X-linked or Y-linked. 281-282
#	OBJECTIVES	*NOTES*
24.	What are linked genes? How are they mapped? 283-285
25.	Formulate a generalization about the distance between the genes (x) and the frequency of recombination (y). 287
26.	Explain and provide examples of dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance. 288
27.	Describe how the ABO blood group is an example of multiple alleles, polymorphism, dominance and codominance. 289
28.	Explain how the physical environment affects phenotypes. 290
29.	What is epistasis? Provide an example. 291
30.	Determine whether a given trait is inherited as autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X‑linked recessive from observing a pedigree chart. 294-295
31.	What is consanguinity? Explain why it can have deleterious effects. Discuss the genetic basis of hybrid vigor. Provide an example of hybrid vigor.
32.	Correlate polygenic inheritance and quantitative traits. Provide several examples. 292-293
33.	How are the following genetic defects inherited? Consider: autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant or X-linked recessive disorders: phenylketonuria, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, Huntington’s disease, and hemophilia A.
34.	Given human karyotypes, determine if the individual is normal or abnormal. Is the genetic problem associated with the autosomes or sex chromosomes?