What molecules were believed present in the atmosphere of early earth? Absent? 47 

Describe the Miller – Urey experiment.  Label the parts of the apparatus that mimic the ocean, the atmosphere, rain and lightning. What did it prove? 47

Diagram and label an amino acid. Include the amino group, R group, central carbon, and carboxyl group. 51

Develop an evolutionary sequence from inorganic molecules through multicellularity.

What are isomers? What form of optical isomers is found in the amino acids in cells? 53

Understand how amino acids (monomers) can be made

into proteins (organic polymers) by condensation

reactions. (dehydration synthesis reactions) 54

How did this happen in the prebiotic soup?

Understand how proteins (organic polymers) can be

broken down into amino acids (organic monomers) by

hydrolysis decomposition reactions. 53

Could polymerization occur in the energy rich

environment of early earth? 54

Diagram the reaction between two amino

acids to form a dipeptide. Indicate all

functional groups, molecule names, location

of the peptide bond. 54

Describe each level of protein structure, identify the bonds involved, and demonstrate its shape. Consider: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. 57-61

How are proteins denatured? What are molecular

chaperones? Why is correct folding important in

protein function? What are prions? 60-61

OBJECTIVES

Describe the 7 protein types and their functions in the cell. 63

Use a graph to show the changes in energy

that occur during a chemical reaction when an

enzyme is present. Label reactants, transition

state, activation energy, products. 63

Describe the characteristics of enzymes and

how they work. 64

In a given example of a metabolic pathway, identify the substrates, intermediates, enzyme, cofactor, energy carrier, and end products. 66

Explain the induced-fit model of enzyme behavior.  What is meant by activation energy? 67

Explain how enzymatic activity is affected by

such factors as the amount of enzyme and

substrate present, change in temperature, pH,

and the presence of inhibitors. 68

Use a diagram to show ATP’s role as the main energy carrier in metabolism. Show chemical reactions involving the degradation of ATP and the synthesis of ATP. Note input and output of energy as well as loss and gain of phosphate groups.

Do an energy time graph (ET) for any given chemical reaction. 69

Show how exergonic and endergonic reactions are coupled. 69

What are the two classes of nucleic acid and

what is their importance in living organisms? 75

What are the three components of the

nucleotide?  75

How do nucleotides polymerize? 76

Explain complementary base pairing in

nucleic acids. 81

With a diagram, demonstrate how DNA

replicates itself. 83

How is RNA similar to DNA and different

from DNA? 84

What was RNA’s role in the prebiotic soup? 85

What is the evolutionary significance of the round ribozyme? What mechanism was responsible for the round ribozyme?

Define the term “carbohydrate.” 90

Provide specific examples of carbohydrate monomers and polymers. What are they called?

What can you do if you are lactose intolerant? 93

Identify and describe storage polysaccharides in plants and animals and structural polysaccharides in animals and bacteria. 95-96

What are glycoproteins and what is their function? 97

How do carbohydrates store and provide energy in cells? 98-99

How are the structural polysaccharides different from energy providing polysaccharides? What benefits result from this difference? 100