OVERVIEW OF ANIMAL DIVERSITY, CH. 31 - Animals are multicellular heterotrophs without cell walls. Animals are a very diverse kingdom. The animal body plan has undergone many changes. The way we classify animals is being reevaluated.

1. List general features that distinguish animals from organisms in the other four kingdoms. P618-619.

2. Describe the ecological roles and distribution of animals and compare the advantages and disadvantages of life in the sea, in fresh water, and on land.

3. Recognize the five key transitions in body plan that occur in the animal phyla:

Presence of tissues – Parazoa, Eumetazoa

Type of symmetry - radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry

Type of body cavity - acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate

Development pattern - protostomes (spiral cleavage, fate of embryonic cells is determinate, fate of blastopore is the mouth, coelom formation is schizocoelous) vs. deuterostomes (radial cleavage, fate of embryonic cells is indeterminate, fate of blastopore is anus, coelom formation is enterocoelous.)

Segmentation

NONCOELOMATE INVERTEBRATES, CH. 32- The classification of invertebrates is currently being reevaluated. The simplest animals are not bilaterally symmetrical. Acoelomates are solid worms that lack a body cavity. Pseudocoelomates have a simple body cavity.

4. Identify the distinguishing characteristics of the Phylum Porifera, the sponges. Sketch and label the following structures with their functions: spongocoel, choanocytes, amoebocytes, spicules, spongin, and osculum, p.637.

5. Identify the distinguishing characteristics of the Phylum Cnidaria. Know the five classes: Class Hydrozoa, the hydroids, Class Scyphozoa, jellyfish, Class Cubozoa, box jellyfish, and Class Anthozoa, the sea anemones, and corals, as well as the small phylum Ctenophora, the comb jellies. Sketch and label the following structures with their functions: cnidocytes, nematocysts, gastrovascular cavity, polyp, and medusa. P.638-639.

6. Identify the distinguishing characteristics (6) of the Phylum Platyhelminthes. Describe the major features of: the Class Turbellaria, the flatworms, the Class Trematoda, flukes, and the Class Cestoda, the tapeworms. Be able to classify a given animal from this phylum into its respective class. P.644-645.

7. Identify the distinguishing characteristics of the Phylum Nemertea, the ribbon worms. What is the evolutionary significance of this group of organisms?

8. Identify the distinguishing characteristics of the Phylum Nematoda, the roundworms. In what ways are these animals adapted for survival? Consider Ascaris, pinworms, and filarial worm, p.647.

9. Compare the traditional phylogeny to the molecular phylogeny, p.634-635.

COELOMATE INVERTEBRATES, CH. 33 - Mollusks were among the first coelomates. Annelids were the first segmented animals. Lophophorates appear to be a transitional group. Arthropods are the most diverse of all animal groups. Echinoderms are radially symmetrical as adults.

10. What adaptations do terrestrial animals have that allow them to live on land?

11. List several advantages of having a coelom.

12. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of the Phylum Mollusca. List the major features of the Class Polyplacophora, Class Gastropoda, Class Bivalva, and Class Cephalopoda. Be able to classify a given animal from this phylum into its respective class, p.656-657.

13. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of the Phylum Annelida. List the major features of the following Classes: Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea. Be able to classify a given animal from this phylum into its respective class, p.660-661.

14. What is the significance of the Lophophorates? In groups of three or four discuss the features shared with mollusks, annelids, and arthropods.

15. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of the Phylum Arthrodpoda. List the major features of the following Arthropod Classes: Arachnida, Merostomata, Crustaceans, Insecta, Chilopoda, and Diplopoda. Be able to classify a given animal from this phylum into its respective class, p.670-672.

16. Discuss factors that have contributed to the great biological success of insects.

17. Distinguish between simple and complete metamorphosis. Provide examples of insects with each type of life cycle.

18. What evolutionary evidence links the echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates?

19. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of the Phylum Echinodermata. List the major features of the following Echinoderm groups: Class Crinodea, Class Asteroidea, Class Ophiuroidea, and Class Echinoidea. Be able to classify a given animal from this phylum into its respective class.

VERTEBRATES, CH. 34 - Attaching muscles to an internal framework greatly improves movement. Nonvertebrate chordates have a notochord but no backbone. The evolution of vertebrates involves invasions of sea, land, and air. Evolution among the primates has focused on brain size and locomotion.

20. Describe the four unique characteristics of the Chordates, p684.

21. Identify the three subphyla of the Phylum Chordata and give examples of each.

22. Discuss the key adaptations found in the Subphylum Vertebrata. Explain how each is beneficial to survival.

23. Distinguish among the classes of vertebrates and assign a given vertebrate to the correct class.

24. Trace the evolution of vertebrates according to current theory, p691.

25. List problems animals had in adapting to life on land and explain their adaptations to a terrestrial existence.

26. Contrast monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammmals. Give examples of members that belong to each group.

27. Be able to categorize examples of placental mammals into their correct orders.

28. Diagram an evolutionary tree of the animal kingdom. Defend the tree with structural evidence.