UNIT TWO STUDY GUIDE
for Principles
of Biology II
Read Ch. 25-28 in Biology 7th
ed. Raven, Johnson, Losos, and Singer
Systematics and Phylogenetic Revolution,
Biologists name organisms in
a systematic way. Scientists construct phylogenies to understand the
evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Phylogenetics is the basis
of all comparative biology. All living organisms are grouped into one of a few
major categories. Molecular data are revolutionizing taxonomy.
1. Who was Linneaus? Describe his
contribution to taxonomy and the basis for his classification schemes.
(Binomial system of nomenclature)
2.
Write the Latin binomial of given organisms correctly. Distinguish
between systematics and taxonomy.
3.
Explain what a classification system is and discuss some of the
problems that occur when trying to construct satisfactory classification
schemes.
4.
How is a key different from a classification scheme?
5.
Arrange the Linnaean categories or taxons in hierarchical fashion, from
most inclusive to least inclusive. (Consider: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, and Species.)
6.
How is the evolutionary species concept different from the biological
species concept?
7.
Contrast monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic taxa.
8.
Contrast two approaches to systematics: phylogenetic systematics
(cladistics) and traditional taxonomy.
9.
List and describe the six kingdoms of organisms introduced in this
chapter.
10.
Describe the unifying characteristics of organisms assigned to each
Kingdom. (Archebacteria, Eubacteria,
Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia)
VIRUSES,
Viruses are strands of
nucleic acid encased within a protein coat. Bacterial viruses exhibit two sorts
of reproductive cycles. HIV is a complex
animal virus.
Nonliving infectious agents
are responsible for many human diseases.
11.
Draw and label the virus. Describe the function of the following
components: capsid and capsid shape, envelope, tail, tail fibers, DNA or RNA.
12.
Speculate about the evolutionary origin of viruses.
13.
Why are viruses obligate parasites?
14.
List criteria used to classify the viruses.
15.
Explain the two types of reproductive cycles of viruses. Consider the lytic cycle and the lysogenic
cycle.
16.
What is a bacteriophage? How do bacteria defend against phage
infections?
17.
Explain how viruses infect animals and plants.
18.
Describe the replication of herpes viruses.
19.
How do viruses cause disease symptoms? What medical weapons are used to
fight viral infections?
20.
Summarize what is currently known of the relationship between viruses
and cancer.
21.
Explain how a retrovirus replicates.
What is the role of reverse transcriptase? Provide two examples.
22.
Familiarize yourself with the pathogens, disease they cause, and the
way they spread. Refer to Table 33.1 p.675.
23.
What are viroids and prions?
24.
Why don't viruses fit our usual definition of life?
PROKARYOTES,
Prokaryotes are the smallest
and most numerous organisms. Prokaryotes are more complex than commonly
supposed. Prokaryotes exhibit considerable diversity in both structure and
metabolism. Prokaryotes are responsible for many diseases but also make
important contributions to ecosystems.
25.
Give four reasons why the bacteria are so successful.
26.
Identify examples of the three most common shapes of bacteria.
27.
Draw and label a bacterium.
Describe the function of the following structures: cell wall, slime
coat, nuclear material, flagella, mesosome, and
respiratory assembly.
28.
Describe asexual reproduction in bacteria and summarize three
mechanisms (transformation, conjugation, and transduction) that may lead to
genetic recombination.
29.
Characterize the metabolic diversity of autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria, consider the four nutritional modes of bacteria.
30.
Distinguish among aerobes, facultative anaerobes, and obligate
anaerobes.
31.
Distinguish among the three main groups of Archaea (Methanogens, Halophiles, and Thermophiles) and
among several groups of Eubacteria (Eubacteria with gram-negative cell walls, other
gram-negative Eubacteria, and Eubacteria
with gram-positive cell walls) as described in Table 23-3. Give examples of
each group.
32.
Discuss the ecological roles of bacteria, their importance as
pathogens, and their commercial importance.
33.
Describe the general characteristics of the protists that distinguish
them from organisms in the other kingdoms.
34.
Discuss in general terms the diversity inherent in the kingdom
Protista, including modes of nutrition, body forms, motility, and reproduction.
35.
Briefly describe taking into consideration at least one major
adaptation, and compare these representative protozoa:
Amoeba - Phylum Rhizopoda,
foraminiferans - Phylum Foraminifera, actinopods - Phylum Actinopoda, zooflagellates - Phylum Zoomastigina,
ciliates - Phylum Ciliophora, and apicomplexans -
Phylum Apicomplexa.
36.
Briefly describe taking into consideration at least one major
adaptation, and compare these representative algae:
Euglenoids - Phylum Euglenophyta
dinoflagellates Phylum Dinoflagellata, diatoms -
Phylum Bacillariophyta, golden algae Phylum
Chrysophyta, brown algae - Phylum Phaeophyta, green algae - Phylum Chlorophyta,
and red algae - Phylum Rhodophyta.
37.
Briefly describe taking into consideration at least one major
adaptation, and compare these representative fungus-like protists:
Plasmodial slime molds Phylum Myxomycota, cellular
slime molds - Phylum Acrasiomycota, and water molds -
Phylum Oomycota.
38. Explain the most widely accepted
hypothesis for the evolution of multicellularity.