UNIT THREE STUDY GUIDE

for Principles of Biology II

Read Ch. 29, 30, 36 (p.760-765) and 41 (p.840-849)

In Biology 7th ed. Raven, Johnson, Losos, and Singer

 

FUNGI, CH. 30, pages 599-616

Fungi share several key characteristics. There are four major groups of fungi.

Fungi participate in many symbioses.

 

1.                    Describe the distinguishing characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi.

2.                    Diagram and label the basic body plan of a fungus.

3.                    Distinguish between septate and aseptate fungi. Sketch a hypha of both.

4.                    Trace the fate of a fungal spore that lands in an appropriate location, such as an overripe peach, and describe conditions that permit fungal growth.

5.                    List distinguishing characteristics of each major phylum.  Provide an example from each group.  Consider Rhizopus stolonifer from the Phylum Zygomycota, Pezizza from the Phylum Ascomycota, Coprinus from the Phylum Basidiomycota, and Aspergillus or Penicilium from the Phylum Deuteromycota.

6.                    Diagram the life cycle of a representative member from each major division of the fungi.  Identify the asexual and sexual phase.  Label the sexual structure that characterizes each group. Indicate on the life cycle where mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization occur. Indicate chromosome number along the life cycle as haploid (n), diploid (2n), and or dikaryotic. (n + n).

7.                    Describe the two main methods of food getting employed by the fungi.

8.                    Describe the anatomy of lichens and explain their ecological importance.

9.                    Identify three fungal diseases of plants and three fungal diseases of animals.

10.                 Explain the mutualistic relationship between plants and fungi in mycorrhizae.

11.                 List ways the fungi are economically beneficial.

 

EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF PLANTS, CH. 29, pages 579-598

Plants have multicellular haploid and diploid stages in their live cycles. Nonvascular plants are relatively unspecialized, but successful in many terrestrial environments. Seedless vascular plants have well-developed conducting tissues in their sporophytes. Seeds protect and aid in the dispersal of plant embryos.

 

12.                 Discuss some of the environmental challenges of living on land and describe several adaptations that plants possess to meet these challenges.

13.                 List characteristics that distinguish plants from organisms in other kingdoms.

14.                 Summarize the features that distinguish bryophytes from green algae and from other plants.

15.                 List the general adaptations of the bryophytes to a land environment.  Explain how they are still tied to the water?

16.                 Name and briefly describe the three phyla of bryophytes, the mosses, the liverworts, and the hornworts.

17.                 Diagram the life cycle of a moss. Compare their gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Indicate at what point meiosis and fertilization occur. (lab)

18.                 Diagram the life cycle of the fern.  Label the gametophyte and sporophyte. Identify the archegonium and Antheridium. What cells do they produce? Indicate where fertilization and meiosis occur.

19.                 Distinguish among spore, sporophyte, sporophyll and sporangium. (lab)

20.                 Compare the generalized life cycles of homosporous and heterosporous plants. (lab)

21.                 Describe and diagram the life cycle of a pine and indicate which structures are part of the

gametophyte generation and which are part of the sporophyte generation. Identify ovulate (different ages) and pollen cones and their structures. (lab)

22.                 Name and briefly describe the four phyla of gymnosperms, conifers, cycads, gnetophytes, and ginkgos. (lab)

23.                 Diagram a generalized life cycle of a flowering plant. (lab)

24.                 Contrast dicots and moncots, the two classes of flowering plants. (lab)

 

VEGETATIVE PLANT DEVELOPMENT, ch.36, p.756-765

 

25.                 What occurs during embryogenesis?

26.                 Identify functions of the stem, leaves and parts of a bean seed and corn kernel.

27.                 Familiarize yourself with:  Simple vs. compound leaves, alternate, opposite, and whorled arrangements of leaves, External features of a twig, Xylem and phloem tissues.

28.                 How does the seed protect the dormant embryo from water loss?

29.                 What are fruits?  How are fruits modified to help disperse seeds? (lab)

30.                 What is germination?

 

PLANT REPRODUCTION, ch.41, p.840-849

31.                 Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.

32.                 Discuss the evolutionary adaptations of flowering plants.

33.                 Why has floral morphology coevolved with pollination?

34.                 Diagram and label a complete flower. (lab)

35.                 What trend in symmetry occurs from the primitive to the more advanced flowers?

36.                 What is pollination and in what ways does it occur? Consider wind, animals, self-pollination and outcrossing.

37.                 Explain double fertilization in angiosperms.

38.                 Compare the life cycles of annuals, biennials, and perennial plants.

39.                 Compare the life cycle of mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants in terms of:

a.                   dominant life cycle stage (gametophyte or sporophyte)

b.                  homospory or heterospory

c.                   mechanism of gamete transfer

40.                 Summarize evolutionary trends in plants.  Consider the increasing dominance of the sporophyte generation, oogamy verses heterogamy, homospory vs. heterospory, unicellularity to multicellularity, and mechanisms to bring gametes together.